What Is Dyslexia?

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Dyslexia is a specific learning difference (SpLD) that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent reading and spelling. It is characterised by difficulties with phonological processing (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds in spoken language), verbal working memory, and the rapid retrieval and processing of information. Some individuals may also experience difficulties with sequencing, organisation, processing speed, and time management.

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These differences can affect learning across a range of areas, including reading, writing, spelling, and, for some individuals, aspects of mathematics. They can also impact confidence, organisation, and the ability to manage everyday academic or workplace demands.

Dyslexia exists on a continuum, meaning that its presentation and severity vary from person to person. It is estimated that around 10% of the population has dyslexic traits, with approximately 4% experiencing more significant difficulties. Dyslexia occurs across the full range of intellectual ability and is not related to intelligence, motivation, or educational opportunity.

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Many people with dyslexia also demonstrate strengths in areas such as problem-solving, creativity, visual thinking, and big-picture reasoning. A specialist assessment identifies both an individual's strengths and areas of need, providing evidence-based recommendations that enable effective support and appropriate adjustments at school, university, or in the workplace.​​